Persian governors 1508/09 - 1515 Lala Husayn 1515
- 15.. Qunghuruz Sultan 1524
- 1530 Zulfiqar ibn Nukhud
(d. 1530)
(in rebellion for Ottomans) 1530 - 1533
Muhammad Khan ibn Sharaf ad-Din 1533 - 1534
Takkalu Muhammad ibn Khan Walis (Ottoman governors) of Baghdad 1534 - 1545
Suleyman Pasha ibn Qubad 1545 - 1549
Ayas Pasha 1549 - 1551
Ali Tamarrud Pasha 1551 - 1566
Mohammed Pasha 1566 - 1575
Murad Pasha 1575 - 1590
Elvandzade Ali Pasha 1590 - 1594
Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha 1594 - 1603
Hasan ibn Mohammed 1603
Qasim Pasha
(did not take up post) 1603 - 1604
Mustafa Pasha Saryqdi 1604 - 1607
Yusuf Pasha 1607 - 1608
Ahmad Tevil (in rebellion) 1607 - 1608
Mohammed Pasha 1608 - 1610
Mehmut Pasha 1610
Kalizade Ali Pasha 1610
Dilaver Pasha 1610
Mustafa Pasha 1610 - 1618
Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (1st time) 1619 - 1623
Bekir Subashy 1623 - 1625
Safi Quli Khan
(Persian governor) 1625 - 1631
Hafiz Ahmed Pasha (2nd time) 1631 - 1639
Bektash Khan Gürçü
(Persian governor) Feb 1639 - May 1639 Küçük Hasan (1st time) May 1639 - 1642 Dervish Mehmed Pasha 1642
- 1644 Küçük Hasan (2nd time) 1644
Deli Hüseyin Pasha (d.
1659) 1644 - 1645 Mohammed
Pasha 1645 - 1646 Musa
Pasha 1646 - 1647 Ibrahim
Pasha 1647
Musa Semiz Pasha 1649
Melek Ahmad Pasha 1649 - 1650
Nogaizade Arslan Pasha 1650
Kaplan Mustafa Pasha Merzioçonlu
(1st time) 1650 - 1651
Shatir Hüseyin Pasha 1651 - 1653
Kara Mustafa Pasha (1st time) 1653 - 1655
Murteza Pasha 1655 - 1656
Ak Mohammad Pasha 1656 - 1661
Kasseki Mehmed Pasha 1661 - 1663
Kanbur Mustafa Pasha 1663 - 1664
Pambugh Mustafa Pasha 1664 - 1665
Kara Mustafa Pasha (2nd time) 1665 - 1667
Uzun Ibrahim Pasha 1667 - 1671
Kara Mustafa Pasha (3rd time) 1671 - 1674
Silahadar Hüseyin 1674 - 1676
Abd ar-Rahman 1676 - 1677
Kaplan Mustafa Pasha Merzioçonlu
(2nd time) 1677 - 1681
Ömer Pasha (1st time) 1681 - 1684
Ibrahim Pasha 1684 - 1687
Ömer Pasha (2nd time) 1687 - 1688
Serkos Ahmad Kethoda (1st time) 1688 - 1689
Ömer Pasha (3rd time) 1689 - 1691
Hasan Pasha 1691 - 1692
Ahmad Pasha Bazirgan Pasha 1692 - 1694
Serkos Ahmad Kethoda (2nd time) 1694 - 1695
Haji Ahmed Kelayli Pasha 1695 - 1696
Ali Pasha (1st time) 1696 - 1698
Hasan Pasha (1st time) 1698 - 1700
Ismail Pasha 1700 - 1702
Ali Pasha (2nd time) 1703 - 1704
Yusuf Pasha 1704 - 1723
Hassan Pasha (2nd time) 1723 - 1734
Ahmad ibn Hasan 1734
Ismail Pasha 1735 - 1742
Topal Muhammad 1742 - 1748
Haci Ahmad Pasha 1748
Ahmad Kesrieli Pasha 1748 - 1751
Muhammad Teriaqi Pasha Beys and Walis of Baghdad 1751 - 1761
Süleyman (I) 1761 - 1763
Ali (I) 1763 - 17..
Omar 17.. - 17.. Abdul
Ilah Agha 17.. - 1780
Hassan Agha 1780 - 1802
Süleyman (II) 1802 - 1807
Ali (II) 1807 - 1810
Süleyman 1810 - 1812
Abdul Ilah 1812 - 1816
Said 1816 - 1831 Daud Walis of Baghdad 1831 - 1841
Ali Rida Pasha 1841 - 1849
Haci Necip Pasha 1849
Abdi Pasha 1850
Vecini Pasha 1851
Namik Pasha 1852
Mehmed Resid Pasha 1853 - 1857
Ibrahim Pasha 1857 - 1859
Ömer Pasha 1859 - 1861
Mustafa Nuri Pasha 1861
Ahmed Tevik Pasha 1861 - 1868
Namik Pasha 1868
Tufiettin Pasha 1869 - 1872
Ali Haydar Midhat Pasha (b. 1822 - d. 1884) 1872
Rauf Pasha 1873 - 187.
Radif Pasha 1875
Haci Abdürrahman Nureddin (b. 1836 - d. 1912)
Pasha (1st time) 1877 - 187.
Mehmed Akif Pasha 1878
Mehmed Qadri Pasha 1879
Haci Abdürrahman Nureddin
Pasha (2nd time) 1880 - 1886
Mehmed Taqieddin Pasha (d. 1893) 1886
- 1887 Halil Rifat Pasha
(b. 1820 - d. 1901) 1887 - 1888
Mustafa Asim Pasha 1888 - 1892
Sirri Pasha 1892 - 1896
Haci Hassan Refik Pasha 1896 - 1899
Ataülah Pasha 1899 - 1902
Küçük Namiq Pasha 1902 - 1904
Ahmad Faizi Pasha 1904 - 1905
Abdülwahhab Pasha 1905 - 1906
Abdülmecid Effendi 1907 - 1908
Hazim Bey 1908
Hüseyin Nazim Pasha (1st time) (b. 1848 - d. 1912) 1908
Mehmed Fadil Pasha Dagestani
(acting) (1st time) 1908
Necmeddin Pasha Oct 1908 - 1909 Mehmed Fadil
Pasha Dagestani
(acting) (2nd time) May 1909 - 1910 Mehmed
Shevket Pasha 1910 - 1911
Hüseyin Nazim Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.) 1911
Yusuf Pasha 1911 - 1912
Ahmad Cemal Pasha (b.
1872 - d. 1922) 1912
Ali Riza Pasha (acting) 1912
Muhammad Zaki Pasha 1913
Hüsein Jalal Bey 1914
Cevad Pasha 1915
Rashid Bey 1915
Sülayman Nadhif Bey 1915 - 1916
Nureddin Bey 1916 - 1917
Khalil Pasha
(b. 1864 - d. 1923) 1917 - 11 Mar 1917 Memduh Bey Walis
of Basra 1699 - 1700
Ibrahim Khan 1700 - 1701
Daud Khan
(d. 1701) 1701 - 1721
.... 1721 - 1724 Ahmed
Pasha 1724 - 1727 .... 1727 - 17.. Mehmed Pasha Mütessarifs (Lieutenant-governors) of Basra 1750 - 1752
Süleyman Pasha 1752 - 1761
.... 1761 - 1762 Ali
Agha Kethoda c.1764 - 176. Mahmud 1765 - 1768 Süleyman Agha
(1st time) 1768
Abderrahman Agha 1768 - 1769
Süleyman Agha (2nd time) 1769 - 1771
Yusuf Agha (1st time) 1771 - 1773
Süleyman Agha (3rd time) 1773 - 1774
Yusuf Agha (2nd time) 1774 - 1776
Süleyman Agha (4th time) 1776 - 1779
Sadiq Khan 1779
Süleyman Agha (5th time) 1779 - 1785
.... 1785 - 1787 Mustafa
Agha (1st time) 1787
Tuwayni Pasha 1787 - ....
Mustafa Agha (2nd time) .... - 1810
Selim Agha 1810 - 18..
Ahmed Bey 18.. - 1832
.... 1832 - 1842 ....
(Egyptian administrators) 1840 - 1850
the governors of Baghdad Walis of Basra 1850 - 185.
Masuq Pasha 185. - 1862
Habib Pasha 1862 - 1875
the governors of Baghdad 1875 - 1876
Nasr Pasha, Sheikh of the Muntafiq 1876 - 1879
Abdullah Pasha 1879 - 1880
Zabit Pasha 1880 - 1884
the governors of Baghdad 1884
Salih Pasha 1884 - 188.
Ali Riza Pasha (acting) 188. - 188.
Shaban Pasha 188. - 1890
Nafiz Pasha 1890 - 1892
Hidayat Pasha 1893
Hafiz Mehmed Pasha 1894 - 1896
Hamdi Pasha (1st time) 1897
Emri Pasha 1898
Hamdi Pasha (2nd time) 1898
Ismail Arif Pasha 1899
Mehmed Muhsin Pasha (1st time) 1899
Hamdi Pasha (3rd time) 1900 - 1901
Mehmed Muhsin Pasha (2nd time) 1901 - 1904
Mustafa Nuri Pasha 1904
Fahri Pasha (acting) 1904 - 1906
Mehmed Muhbil Pasha 1906 - 1907
Hüseyin Pasha 1907 - 1908
Muharrab Effendi 1908 - 1910
Süleyman Nasif Pasha 1911 - 191.
Riza Pasha 1913 - 1914
Izzet Pasha 1914 - 1916
Süleyman `Askari Pasha 1916 - 11 Mar 1917 Halil Pasha Commanders
of the British Forces in Mesopotamia 1914 - 1915
Sir Arthur Arnold Barret (b. 1857 - d. 1926) 1915
- 1916 Sir John Eccles Nixon
(b. 1857 - d. 1921) 1916
Sir Percy Henry Noel Lake (b. 1855 - d. 1940) 1916
- 11 Mar 1917 Sir Frederic Stanley Maude
(b. 1864 - d. 1917) Military Commanders of Baghdad 11 Mar 1917 - 18 Nov 1917 Sir Frederic
Stanley Maude (s.a.) 18 Nov 1917 - 1918
Sir William Raine Marshall (b. 1865 - d. 1939) 1918 - 10 Jan
1919 Sir Alexander Stanhope Cobbe (b.
1870 - d. 1931) Administrator 10 Jan 1919 - 1 Oct 1920 Sir Arnold Talbot
Wilson (b. 1884 - d. 1940) High Commissioners 1 Oct 1920 - 4 May 1923 Sir Percy Zachariah Cox
(b. 1864 - d. 1937) 4 May 1923 - Oct 1928 Sir Henry Robert Conway Dobbs
(b. 1871 - d. 1934)
(acting to 15 Sep 1923) Oct 1928 - 11 Sep 1929 Sir Gilbert Falkingham Clayton
(b. 1875 - d. 1929) 3 Oct 1929 - 3 Oct 1932 Sir Francis Henry Humphrys
(b. 1879 - d. 1971) Chairman of the Council of State 11 Nov 1920 - 23 Aug 1921 Saiyid
Abdul Rahman al-Haydari (b. 1841 - d. 1927)
al-Gaylani Kings¹ 23 Aug 1921 - 8 Sep 1933 Faysal I
(b. 1883 - d. 1933) 8 Sep 1933 - 4 Apr 1939 Ghazi I
(b. 1912 - d. 1939) 4 Apr 1939 - 14 Jul 1958 Faysal II
(b. 1935 - d. 1958)
(also head of Arab Union from 14 Feb 1958) 4 Apr 1939 - 1 Apr 1941 Abdul Ilah -Regent
(1st time) (b. 1913 - d. 1958) 1 Apr 1941 - 1 Jun 1941 Sharaf
ibn Rajih al-Fawwaz -Regent (b. 1882 - d. 1955) 1 Jun 1941 - 2 May 1953 Abdul Ilah -Regent
(2nd time) (s.a.) Chairman of Sovereignty Council 14 Jul
1958 - 8 Feb 1963 Muhammad Najib al-Rubai (b.
1904 - d. 19..) Presidents 8 Feb 1963 - 13 Apr 1966 Abdul Salam Arif
(b. 1921 - d. 1966) ASU
(provisional to 20 Nov 1963) 13 Apr 1966 - 16 Apr 1966 Abdul Rahman al-Bazzaz (acting)
(b. 1913 - d. 1973) Non-party 16 Apr 1966 - 17 Jul 1968 Abdul Rahman Arif
(b. 1916) Mil/ASU 17 Jul 1968 - 16 Jul 1979
Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr (b. 1914 - d. 1982)
Mil/Ba'ath 16 Jul 1979 - 9 Apr 2003 Saddam Hussein al-Majid al-Tikriti (b. 1937)
Ba'ath 9 Apr 2003 - 28 Jun 2004 Vacant Supreme Commanders of Occupation Forces
(commanders-in-chief, U.S. Central Command) 9 Apr 2003 - 7 Jul 2003 Tommy Ray Franks
(b. 1945) Mil
(to 16 Apr 2003 in Doha, Qatar) 7 Jul 2003 - 28 Jun 2004 John P. Abizaid
(b. 1951) Mil President 28
Jun 2004 - Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer
(b. 1958) Non-party
Prime ministers 11 Nov 1920 - 20 Nov 1922 Saiyid Abdul Rahman al-Haydari
(s.a.)
al-Gaylani 20 Nov 1922 - 22 Nov 1923 Abdul Muhsin Bey al-Saadun
(b. 18.. - d. 1929)
(1st time) 22 Nov 1923 - 2 Aug 1924 Jaafar Pasha al-Askari (1st time) (b. 1887 - d. 1936) 2 Aug 1924 - 26 Jun 1925 Yasin Pasha al-Hashimi (1st time) (b. 1894 - d. 1937) Shab 26
Jun 1925 - 21 Nov 1926 Abdul Muhsin Bey al-Saadun (s.a.)
Taq
(2nd time) 21 Nov 1926 - 11 Jan 1928 Jaafar Pasha al-Askari (2nd time) (s.a.)
Ahd 11 Jan 1928 - 28 Apr 1929 Abdul Muhsin Bey al-Saadun
(s.a.) Taq
(3rd time) 28 Apr 1929 - 19 Sep 1929 Sulayman Tawfiq Bey al-Suwaidi (b. 1891
- d. 1968)
(1st time) 19 Sep 1929 - 13 Nov 1929 Abdul Muhsin Bey al-Saadun
(s.a.)
(4th time) 18 Nov 1929 - 23 Mar 1930 Ibrahim Naji Bey al-Suwaidi
(b. 1882 - d. 1942) 23 Mar 1930 - 3 Nov 1932 Nuri Pasha as-Said (1st time)
(b. 1888 - d. 1958) Ahd 3 Nov 1932 - 20 Mar 1933 Naji Shaukat Bey
(b. 1891 - d. 19..) 20 Mar 1933 - 9 Nov 1933 Rashid Ali al-Gaylani (1st time) (b. 1892
- d. 1965) HIW 9 Nov 1933 - 27 Aug 1934 Jamil Bey al-Midfai (1st time)
(b. 1890 - d. 1959) Non-party 27 Aug 1934 - 4 Mar 1935 Ali Jaudat al-Aiyubi (1st time)
(b. 1896 - d. 19..) Non-party 4 Mar 1935 - 17 Mar 1935 Jamil Bey al-Midfai (2nd time)
(s.a.) 17 Mar 1935 - 30 Oct 1936 Yasin Pasha al-Hashimi (2nd time) (s.a.)
HIW 30 Oct 1936 - 17 Aug 1937 Hikmat Sulayman
(b. 1889 - d. 19..) HIW 17 Aug 1937 - 25 Dec 1938 Jamil Bey al-Midfai (3rd time)
(s.a.) 25 Dec 1938 - 31 Mar 1940 Nuri Pasha as-Said (2nd time) (s.a.)
Ahd 31 Mar 1940 - 3 Feb 1941 Rashid Ali al-Gaylani (2nd time) (s.a.)
HIW 3 Feb 1941 - 13 Apr 1941 Taha Pasha al-Hashimi
(b. 1888 - d. 1961) Mil 13 Apr 1941 - 4 Jun 1941 Rashid Ali al-Kaylani (3rd time)
(s.a.) HIW 4 Jun 1941
- 10 Oct 1941 Jamil Bey al-Midfai (4th time) (s.a.) 10 Oct 1941 - 4 Jun 1944
Nuri Pasha as-Said (3rd time) (s.a.)
Ahd 4 Jun 1944 - 23 Feb 1946 Hamdi al-Bajaji
(b. 1891 - d. 1948) 23 Feb 1946 - 1 Jun 1946 Sulayman Tawfiq Bey al-Suwaidi
(s.a.) Ahs
(2nd time) 1 Jun 1946 - 21 Nov 1946 Arshad al-Umari (1st time)
(b. 1888 - d. 19..) 21 Nov 1946 - 29 Mar 1947 Nuri Pasha as-Said (4th time)
(s.a.) Ahd/ID 29 Mar 1947
- 29 Jan 1948 Sayyid Salih Jabr
(b. 1896 - d. 1957) UI 29 Jan 1948 - 26 Jun 1948 Sayyid Muhammad as-Sadr
(b. 1882 - d. 19..) 26 Jun 1948 - 6 Jan 1949 Muzahim al-Bajaji 6 Jan 1949 - 10
Dec 1949 Nuri Pasha as-Said (5th time) (s.a.)
ID 10 Dec 1949 - 5 Feb 1950 Ali Jaudat al-Aiyubi (2nd time) (s.a.) 5
Feb 1950 - 15 Sep 1950 Sulayman Tawfiq Bey al-Suwaidi (s.a.)
(3rd time) 15 Sep 1950 - 12 Jul 1952 Nuri Pasha as-Said (6th time)
(s.a.) ID 12 Jul 1952 - 23
Nov 1952 Mustafa Mahmud al-Umari (b. 1894 - d. ....) 23 Nov 1952 - 29 Jan 1953 Nureddin Mahmud
(b. 1899 - d. ....) Mil 29 Jan 1953 - 17 Sep 1953 Jamil Bey al-Midfai (5th time)
(s.a.) 17 Sep 1953 - 29 Apr 1954 Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali
(b. 1903 - d. 1997) 29 Apr 1954 - 4 Aug 1954 Arshad al-Umari (2nd time)
(s.a.) 4 Aug 1954 - 20 Jun 1957 Nuri Pasha as-Said (7th time) (s.a.)
ID 20 Jun 1957 - 15 Dec 1957 Ali Jaudat al-Aiyubi (3rd time) (s.a.)
UNF 15 Dec 1957 - 3 Mar 1958 Abdul Wahhab Marjan
(b. 1910 - d. 1964) 3 Mar 1958 - 18 May 1958 Nuri Pasha as-Said (8th time)
(s.a.)
(18 May - 14 Jul 1958 premier of Arab Union) 18 May 1958 - 14 Jul 1958 Ahmad Mukhtar Baban
(b. 1900 - d. 1976) 14 Jul 1958 - 8 Feb 1963 Abdul Karim Kassem
(b. 1914 - d. 1963) Mil 8 Feb 1963 - 18 Nov 1963 Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr (1st time)
(s.a.) Mil/Ba'ath 20 Nov
1963 - 6 Sep 1965 Tahir Yahya (1st time)
(b. 1913 - d. 1986) Mil 6 Sep 1965 - 21 Nov 1965 Arif Abdul Razzak
(b. 19..) Mil 21 Nov 1965 - 9 Aug 1966
Abdul Rahman al-Bazzaz (s.a.)
Non-party 9 Aug 1966 - 10 May 1967 Naji Talib
(b. 1917) 10 May 1967 - 10 Jul 1967 Abdul Rahman Arif
(s.a.) Mil/ASU 10 Jul 1967
- 14 Jul 1968 Tahir Yahya (2nd time) (s.a.)
Mil/ASU 14 Jul 1968 - 30 Jul 1968 Abdul Razzak an-Naif
(b. 1933 - d. 1978) Mil/ASU 31 Jul 1968 - 16 Jul 1979 Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr (2nd time)
(s.a.) Mil/Ba'ath 16 Jul
1979 - 23 Mar 1991 Saddam Hussein al-Majid al-Tikriti (s.a.)
Ba'ath
(1st time) 23 Mar 1991 - 13 Sep 1991 Saadun Hammadi
(b. 1930) Ba'ath 16 Sep 1991 - 5 Sep
1993 Muhammad Hamza al-Zubaydi (b. 1938)
Ba'ath 5 Sep 1993 - 29 May 1994 Ahmad Hussein Khudayir as-Samarrai (b. 1941)
Ba'ath 29 May 1994 - 9 Apr 2003 Saddam Hussein al-Majid al-Tikriti (s.a.)
Ba'ath
(2nd time) Civil Administrators 21 Apr 2003 - 12 May 2003 Jay Montgomery Garner
(b. 1938)
(director, Office of Reconstruction
and Humanitarian Assistance) 12 May 2003 - 28 Jun 2004 Lewis Paul Bremer III
(b. 1941)
(head of the Coalition Provisional Authority) Presidents of the Governing Council² (subordinated to the
civil administrator) 13 Jul 2003 - 31 Jul 2003 Sayyid Muhammad Bahr al-Uloum
(b. 1923?) Non-party
(acting) (1st time) 1 Aug 2003 - 31 Aug 2003 Ibrahim al-Shiqr al-Jaafari
(b. 1947) IDM 1 Sep 2003 - 30 Sep 2003
Ahmad Abdel Hadi Chalabi (b. 1944)
INC 1 Oct 2003 - 31 Oct 2003 Iyad Allawi
(b. 1945) INA 1 Nov 2003 - 30 Nov 2003
Jalal Talabani
(b. 1933) PUK 1 Dec 2003 - 31 Dec 2003
Sayyid Abdul Aziz Muhsin al-Hakim (b. 1953?) SCIRI 1 Jan 2004 - 31 Jan 2004 Adnan Muzahim Pachachi
(b. 1923) IID 1 Feb 2004 - 29 Feb 2004
Mohsen Abdul Hamid
IIP 1 Mar 2004 - 31 Mar 2004 Sayyid Muhammad Bahr al-Uloum (s.a.)
Non-party
(2nd time) 1 Apr 2004 - 30 Apr 2004 Massoud Mustafa Barzani
(b. 1946) PDK 1 May 2004 - 17 May 2004
Ezzedine Salim
(b. 1943 - d. 2004) IDM 17 May 2004 - 1 Jun 2004 Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer
(s.a.) Non-party Prime
minister 1 Jun 2004 -
Iyad Allawi
(s.a.) INA
(subordinated to the civil administrator to 28 Jun 2004)
Commanders of the British Forces in Occupation of Iraq (and from 1942 Iran) (also in occupation
of Iran - Subordinated to Indian Command until 1942, then to Middle East Command) 1941
- 1942 Sir Edward Pellew Quinan
(b. 1884 - d. 1960) 1942 - 1943
Henry Maitland Wilson (b. 1881 - d. 1964) 1943 - 1944 Sir Henry Royds
Pownall (b. 1887 - d. 1961) 1944 - 1946
Sir Arthur Francis Smith (b. 1890 - d. 1977) 1946
- 1947 ....
Assyrian minority flag
Turkoman minority flag
¹The full style of the ruler: Malik al-`Iraq ("King of Iraq").
²Members of the Iraqi Governing Council (IGC) 13 Jul 2003 - 30 Jun 2004 were: Ahmad Abdel
Hadi Chalabi (Shi'a) (s.a.) INC; Sayyid Abdul Aziz Muhsin al-Hakim (Shi'a)(s.a.) SCIRI; Ibrahim al-Shiqr al-Jaafari (Shi'a)(s.a.)
IDM; Naseer Kamel al-Chaderchi (Sunni) (b. 1933?) NDP; Jalal Talabani (Kurd, Sunni)(s.a.) PUK; Massoud
Mustafa Barzani (Kurd, Sunni)(s.a.) PDK; Iyad Allawi (Shi'a)(s.a.) INA; Ahmed Shya'a al-Barak (Shi'a) ILU; Adnan Muzahim Pachachi
(Sunni)(s.a.) IID; `Aqila al-Hashimi (f)(Shi'a) (b. 1953 - d. 2003) Non-party (to 25 Sep 2003); Sayyida Raja Habib al-Khuzaai
(f)(Shi'a) Non-party; Hamid Majid Moussa al-Bayati (Shi'a)(b. 1941?) ICP,; Sayyid Muhammad Bahr al-Uloum (Shi'a)(s.a.) Non-party;
Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer (Sunni)(s.a.) Non-party; Mohsen Abdul Hamid (Sunni) IIP; Samir Shakir Mahmoud al-Sumaydi (Sunni)
Non-party (to Apr 2004); Mahmud Ali Uthman (Kurd, Sunni) (b. 1943?) Non-party; Salah al-Dim Muhammad Baha al-Din (Kurd, Sunni)(b.
1950?) KIU; Yunadim Yusuf Kana (Assyrian Christian) (b. 1953?) ADM; Muwaffaq al-Rubaii (Shi'a) Non-party (to Apr 2004); Dara
Nur al-Din (Kurd, Sunni)(b. 1953?) Non-party; Sunkul Jabuk (f)(Turkoman) (b. 1968?) IWO; Wael Abdul Latif (Shi'a)(b. 1953?)
Non-party; Abdel Karim Mahoud al-Mohammedawi (Shi'a) Hez; Ezzedine Salim (Shi'a)(s.a.) IDM (to 17 May 2004); Salama al-Khafaji
(f)(Shi'a) Non-party (from Dec 2003).
Territorial Disputes: Disputes with Iran over maritime and land boundaries, navigation channel, and other issues
from eight-year war persist; in Nov 1994, Iraq formally accepted the UN-demarcated border with Kuwait which had been spelled
out in Security Council Resolutions 687 (1991), 773 (1993), and 883 (1993), Shatt al Arab boundary demarcation put an end
to claims to Kuwait and to Bubiyan and Warbah islands, but no maritime boundary exists with Kuwait in the Persian Gulf; Iraq
protests Turkey's hydrological projects to regulate the Tigris and Euphrates rivers upstream; Coalition forces assist Iraqis
in monitoring boundary security, but resolution of disputes and creation of maritime boundaries with neighboring states will
remain in hiatus until full sovereignty is restored in Iraq; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq.
Party abbreviation:ADM = Assyrian Democratic Movement (Assyrian christian); Hez = Hezbollah (Iraqi
Party of God); ICP = Iraqi Communist Party; IDM = Harakat al Dawa al Islamiya (Islamic Da'wah Movement); IID
= Iraqi Independent Democrats; IIP = Iraqi Islamic Party (Sunni); ILU = Iraqi Lawyers' Union; INA
= Iraqi National Accord; INC = al Mu'tamar al Watani al Irak (Iraqi National Congress, democratic, reformist, anti-Ba'athist);
KIU = Kurdistan Islamic Union; IWO = Iraqi Women's Organization; NDP = National Democratic Party; PDK
= Partiya Demokrata Kurdistane (Kurdistan Democratic Party, Kurdish nationalist); PUK = Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
(Kurdish nationalist, socialist); SCIRI = Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (Shi'ite islamist, pro-Iran);
Mil = Military; - Former parties:Ahd = Ahd (Covenant Party, 1930-); Ahs
= Ahsar (Liberal Party); ASU = Arab Socialist Union (Nasserist, only legal party 1963-1968); Ba'ath = Hizb al
Ba'ath al'Arabiyah al Ishtiraki (Iraqi Baath Socialist Arab Rebirth Party, dictatorial socialist, 1968-9 Apr 2003 only legal
movement, banned 11 May 2003); HIW = Hizb al Ikha al Watani (National Brotherhood Party, 1931-19..); ID = al
Ittihad al Dusturi (Constitutional Union Party, 1949-1954); Ist = Istiqlal (Independance); IW
= Ittihad al Watani (National Union, 1945-1948); Shab = Sha'b (People's Party, 1920's-1935, 1945-1948);
Taq = Taqqadum (Progressive Party, 1920's-1929); UI = al Ummah al Ishtiraki (Nation's Socialist Party); UNF
= United National Front; Wat = Watani (Nationalist Party 1920's-1935); WD = al Watani al Demoqrati (National
Democratic Party, leftist)
Total Armed Forces/Peshmerga: KDP- 15,000 (2002) PUK-
10,000 (2002)
Religions: Muslim, Christian (mainly Chaldean rite and Syrian rite Roman
Catholic and Nestorian)
International Organizations/Treaties: UNPO (from 1991)
18 Nov 1534 Part of the Ottoman Empire. 1623 - 1638 Persian
occupation. Nov 1918
Mosul occupied by Britain. 23 May 1919 - 17 Jun 1919 Independent Kurdish state proclaimed in rebellion. 24 Apr 1920 Mosul declared
a part of the mandated territory of Iraq. 10 Aug 1920
Ottomas cede vilayet of Mosul to Allies by Treaty of Sèvres. 11 Nov 1920
Installation of a provisional Iraqi administration;
Mosul formally remained a separate mandated territory,
most of it now de facto under Iraqi administration
(mutessarifs were appointed to Mosul Dec 1920 and to Kirkuk
Feb 1921), only Sulaymaniya remaining under the direct authority
of the British High Commissioner. 1 Feb 1922 - 23 Jul 1923 Partial Turkish occupation; Mosul claimed
by Turkey. Sep 1922 - Jul 1924 Independence of Kurdistan (from Nov
1922 Kingdom) proclaimed. 13 Jan 1926
Turkey recognizes Iraqi sovereignty over Mosul. 1930 - 1931
Last revolt of Shaykh Mahmud Barzani. 1931 - 1937
Rebellion by Shaykh Ahmed Barazani (d. 1956). 1943 - 1945
Rebellion by Mulla Mustafa Barzani (b. 1903 - d. 1979). 11 Mar 1974
Autonomous Region of Kurdistan created by Iraq. 1 Jun 1980
Increased autonomy. 10 Mar 1992
Most of Iraqi Kurdistan occupied by Kurdish forces. 1 Apr 1992
Iraq reoccupies Kirkuk. 19 May 1992
Kurdistan Regional Government established (in opposition to Iraqi
rule). 4 Jul 1992
Kurdistan Regional Government formed (not recognized by Iraq). 31 Aug 1996
Iraqi forces take control of the capital Erbil (Arbil) at the
request of the Kurdish Democratic Party, which establishes
a government there, opposed to the one controlled by the
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, which moves to Sulaymaniyah. 4 Oct 2002
Declaration of self-rule within "federal" union with Iraq
(not recognized by Iraq). 10-11 Apr 2003
Kurdish forces take control of Kirkuk and Mosul.
Walis (governors) of Mosul 1758 - 17..
Hüseyin Pasha 17.. - 17..
Murad Pasha 17.. - 17..
Sa`dullah Pasha 17.. - 17..
Hasan Pasha 17.. - 17..
Mehmed Pasha 17.. - 17..
Süleyman Pasha 17.. - 17..
Mehmed Amin Pasha 17.. - 17..
Mahmud Pasha 17.. - 18..
Abdurrahman Pasha 18.. - 18..
Ahmed Pasha 18.. - 18..
Osman Pasha 18.. - 18..
Naman Pasha 1831 - 183.
Omari Pasha 1833 - 1834
Yahya Pasha 1835 - 18..
Injal Pasha 18.. - 1844
.... 1844/45 - 184. Sherif Pasha 1846
Tayyar Pasha 1847
Esad Pasha 1848
Vechihi Pasha 1848 - 1855
Kiamil Pasha 1855 - 1865
part of the Elayet of Van
(of Hakkari to 1864) 1865 - 1875
the governors of Baghdad 1875 - 1889
.... 1889
Kürd Reshid Pasha (d.
1889) 1889 - 1894 .... 1894 - 1895 Aziz Pasha 1896
Abdullah Pasha 1897
Zihdi Bey 1898
Abdülwahib Pasha 1898 - 1900
Hüseyin Hazim Pasha 1901
Hadji Reshid Pasha 1902 - 1904
Nuri Pasha 1905 - 1908
Mustafa Bey 1909
Fazil Pasha 1910 - 1912
Tahir Pasha 1913 - 1916
Süleyman Nasif Bey 1916 - 1918?
Haydar Bey British Commander Nov 1918 - 1919
Alexander Stanhope Cobbe (b. 1870 - d. 1931) British
Representatives 1918 - 1919
Edward William Charles Noel 1919
Ely Bannister Soane Governor (Hikimdar) of Sulaymaniya 1 Dec 1918 - 17 Jun 1919
Shaykh Mahmud Barzani (1st time)
(in rebellion from 23 May 1919) Sep 1922 - Jul 1924 Shaykh Mahmud Barzani
(2nd time)
(in rebellion from 1922;
assumes style King of Kurdistan Nov 1922) Chairman of the Executive Council 1975 - 19..
Hashim Aqrawi
PDK President 24 Apr 1993 - 1996 Abdullah
Rassuls De facto rulers - Patriotic Union of Kurdistan at Erbil - 4
Jul 1992 - Jalal Talabani
(b. 1933) PUK
(secretary-general of the PUK) - Kurdistan Democratic Party at Sulaymaniya - 31 Aug 1996
- Massoud Mustafa Barzani
(b. 1946) PDK
(president of the KDP)
Chairman of the Legislative Council 1980 - 19..
Mohammed Amin Mohammed Prime ministers - Patriotic Union of Kurdistan at Erbil - 4 Jul 1992 - 26 Apr 1993 Fuad Masum
PUK 26 Apr 1993 - 21 Jan 2001 Kosrat Rasul Ali
PUK 21 Jan 2001 - Barham Salih
(b. 1960) PUK - Kurdistan Democratic Party
at Sulaymaniya - 26 Sep 1996 - 20 Dec 1999 Rowsch Shaways
(b. 1947) PDK 20 Dec 1999 -
Nechervan Idris Barzani (b. 1966)
PDK
Party abbreviations:PDK = Partiya Demokrata Kurdistane (Kurdistan Democratic Party, Kurdish nationalist);
PUK = Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (Kurdish nationalist, socialist)
